A VERY HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY

THE WAYS OF BUTTERFLIES

Butterfly, butterfly!

go away.

come again,

when the rains

say Goodbye!

So, do you think the creatures as small as butterflies also migrate?

yes, they do. And it is mind boggling. They migrate to great distances and under tough physical conditions.

At the onset of the monsoon, butterfly groups in India’s Western Ghats start the migration. And there are two reasons to it.

One. their seasonal movement is forced by heavy monsoon in some areas. This intensity of rains is not tolerable to the tiny beauties. They are pushed out of hills and they tend to migrate first towards Mysore. This behavior of theirs has been continuously monitored, and found to be constant.

In their second leg, they travel to further plains like Krishnagiri, which are drier, even in monsoon.

Second. This movement is also called ‘dispersal’ . During early monsoon, the butterflies breed. They lay large brood, which tend to finish off all green plants of the area. As adults, then, they find no more place to lay eggs, and hence, they move on to greener pastures, so to say. This is a resource based dispersal.

Migration due to first reason, that is monsoon, happens in very large numbers, may be millions.

They also adopt one more strategy. They can go into diapause, a state of hibernation, where pupae or caterpillar, may remain frozen, to face the severe winter, such as in Himalayas. However, towards south of India, they do not mind migrating down.

During migration, they fly high over mountains, against the winds, and across hostile habitat conditions.

There is a difference in two kinds of migrations. Where as first type is solely for the purpose of avoiding harsh rainy season, the ‘dispersal’ type of migration is done with the aim of laying eggs, as the butterflies are ready to lay them.

These two patterns have been seen over the years, and effect of the climate change in their patterns has not been documented yet.

However, there are bright chances that their patterns will get affected over a period of time, as we play with the nature.

(adopted from TOI, WITH THANKS)

VEGETABLE GARDENING IN AUGUST

August is a fabulous month in vegetable garden. The summer crops are giving us great production of lauki, tori, pumpkins, ladyfingers etc. But there are plenty of planting options for planting in August month. Clear out pots and spaces for August plantings. Here is a list of few vegetables you can sow in August:

Carrots, cauliflower, beans, chilli, turnip, beetroots, sweet corn, radishes, and spinach, etc.

Treat your seeds before sowing .

Start your seeds indoors to save them from rain. Soil mix for seed sowing should be Cocopeat+vermiculite+perlite.

Provide light and moisture along with warmth to germinate well.

We can also sow seeds of Papaya. It is a good source of vitamin A and C.It is a rich source of iron, calcium, protein, carbohydrates and phosphorus. Many varieties of Papaya are available. Tall as well as dwarf. It requires well drained loamy soil with compost. Make a mix of garden soil and 25 to 50% compost. Suitable pH value is between 6 and 6.5.

You can sterilize soil in an oven at 98 C for an hour Wash the seeds to remove gelatinous coat before sowing Treat them with fungicide then sow. Sow directly in the pot /soil as papaya doesn’t like transplanting. Apply fertilizer regularly every 15 days.Papaya needs phosphorus for proper root establishment and growth. It grows well in full sunlight . Provide the plant 6 to 8hrs of direct sunlight. On the terrace you can grow in a 24 in pot.

Pests and diseases

● Thrips and white flies can invade any time. Regular spray of neem oil will get rid of pests and mildew. Do not spray on fruits.
● Harvest when fruit becomes half yellow.

Rama Tyagi

GARDENER OF THE MONTH

(It has been our endeavor to bring stories of the persons, who have gone out of their way to take up gardening as a hobby, and have done wonders in healing our mother earth. Here is another story that unfolds as you read.)

Here is Mr Bharat Rughani, who hails from Porbandar, Gujrat. A retired professional from Indian Oil Corporation, he has drowned himself in the service of mother nature. And what he does not do?

He has been running an NGO, the Bird Conservation Society, which has been distributing and installing nests from door to door in order to save sparrows.

He is the man who leads various campaigns to enlighten the younger generation to be in tune with nature, as told to the Chief Editor during informal talks.

He also feeds the stray dogs, as the evening falls.

He has about 400 pots in his collections on his terrace, out of which, about 200 are adeniums, as he is an ardent Adenium lover.

This apart, he is a known national conservationist, who has won various state and national awards for his work. His works have been published in various journals and national dailies.

Not ending here, he is an ardent camera-man, and his natural photographs have featured in various magazines and dailies.

Besides, he has been guide for many of the VVIPs of the nation and state and has been conducting Bird watching tours for them.

The photos clicked by him have found their places in greeting cards, Calanders, Magazines of international repute, like World Wildlife Fund etc.

We wish Mr Rughani all the best in serving our mother earth.

Gardening Jobs in August

This is the season of monsoon rains in India. Keep your late-summer garden looking fantastic with these easy tips for your August garden.

Divide Perennial Flowers: August is the best time to dig and divide perennial flowers in your garden, such as crinum, hostas, Day lilies, ornamental plants, and canna lilies. Use a spade to lift the plant from the ground, being careful not to damage the root ball. Once the clump is out of the ground, use a large garden knife or spade to divide it into smaller pieces. Then, replant the smaller divisions as soon as possible.

Add Fall Color: Chrysanthemums are a great option to add fall colour to your garden. Available in a wide variety of colours, shapes, and flower forms, chrysanthemums can complement any garden decor. Their nectar-rich flowers also attract a variety of colourful pollinators, including migrating Monarch butterflies. Mix single- and double-flowering varieties with asters, pansies, and other fall bloomers.

Garden Tip: When purchasing chrysanthemums, make sure to buy garden mums that are tough enough to tolerate outdoor conditions, rather than florist mums. Protect them from excessive rain and fungal attacks by avoiding overwatering and applying fungicide regularly. They require fairly rich soil, good drainage, and regular feeding.

Replace Annual Flowers: By late summer, some annual flowers may start to look worn out. Consider planting balsams, vincas, cockscombs, amaranthus, gaillardia, or other suitable annuals in your pots to keep your garden from looking bare.

Repot Houseplants: August is the perfect time to repot your houseplants and move them to larger containers with fresh potting soil. This allows the plants to acclimatise to their new environment before the cool weather arrives in the fall. If you notice roots dangling out of the drainage hole, it’s a sign that your plant has outgrown its current pot. Select a slightly larger pot for transplantation.

Garden Tip: Use a soilless potting mix instead of garden soil to ensure ideal soil structure for container culture and to avoid potential insect pests, diseases, or weeds.

Wage War on Weeds: If you’ve been neglecting weeding chores in your garden, August is the time to tackle them. As the growing season winds down, both annual and perennial weeds start producing seeds that will germinate in your garden next spring. It’s crucial to remove them to prevent further spread. After a rain, when the soil is still moist, is the best time to weed. You can pull weeds by hand or use a hoe, ensuring you remove the roots. Certain weeds like crabgrass or purslane can regenerate from any root left in the soil. After removing the weeds, cover the area with a thick layer of compost, straw, leaves, or shredded bark.

Garden Tip: Keep your weeding tools sharp for effective weed removal.

Plant Perennials and Shrubs: Late summer is an ideal time to plant perennials and flowering shrubs in many areas. They will establish their roots during the cool, moist fall weather and be ready to bloom next spring and summer. Make sure to water the new plants regularly if the weather is hot and dry. Check and repot plants like Dracaena, crotons, creepers, philodendron, or any other tropicals in pots. This is also a good time for plant propagation through cutting, grafting, or layering.

Harvest Herbs: Although herbs can be harvested throughout the summer, late summer is the best time to harvest them for the most intense flavour and aroma, just before the plants flower. Herbs like peppermint, mint, and marjoram can be harvested, dried, and powdered for future use.

Consider Fertiliser: Northern gardeners should stop feeding roses, trees, shrubs, and perennial flowers now. Feeding your plants in late summer and fall encourages new growth that may not survive the winter. By reducing fertiliser now, your plants will toughen up before winter arrives.

Time to Plant Fruit Trees: August is the time to plant fruit trees such as apple, guava, lemon, pear, lime, and mango.

Protect Your Plants: Succulents, adeniums, cacti, and other sensitive plants should be protected from excessive rain. Ensure they are sheltered or covered to prevent damage.

Lawn: Lawn maintenance is crucial even if you haven’t treated it yet. Start by fertilising it and, if necessary, applying lime. You can also propagate various plants by taking cuttings from money plants, Acalypha, hibiscus, passion flower, gardenia, bougainvillaea, plumbago, and almost any other plant. Root these cuttings in sand, perlite, vermiculite, or coco peat. Trim and prune overgrown hedges, creepers, and trees to allow weaker varieties to thrive.

Climbers and creepers should be thinned out by removing unwanted growth and tying the remaining ones in place. Add manure and regularly break up the soil surface throughout the year. During the monsoon season, limit the irrigation of your lawn, shrubs, roses, and potted plants to a minimum. This helps prevent waterlogging and related issues. Transplant rose plants if needed. You can also start growing winter vegetables and annuals indoors under protection. Sow cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce, and celery for early crops. Additionally, you can sow spinach, brinjals, and tomatoes. Plant gladiolus corms as well. Prepare pots and beds for winter annuals by making them ready for planting.

By following these steps, you can ensure the proper care and maintenance of your lawn and garden throughout the year.

Happy Gardening and Take care

Rama Tyagi
tyagirama1 @gmail.com

REACHING OUT TO WHERE IT MATTERS THE MOST

Writing in tabloid, newspapers is something different. And doing something which is going to ensure our green future is something else. And out Rama Ji excels in both. No wonder she is called THE WALKING ENCYLOPEDIA OF PLANTS just for nothing!

So, pursuing her green mission, she strikes again, where it would make all the difference. She has been involving school students in her green initiative. So they understand well that their future is not so green and what they need to do.

So, here she is seen with the school kids with the SEED BOMBS which the children have made, which are ready to travel long distances and grow up as huge trees.

WITH CHILDREN AND STAFF OF SILVER BELLS SCHOOL, GHAZIABAD

COURTESY : SANGEETA CHATTERJEE

Slugs and Snails

Today, we’re tackling a common issue that many gardeners face – slugs and snails. These slimy little creatures may seem harmless at first glance, but they can wreak havoc on your beloved plants if left unchecked. Don’t worry though, because, in this article, we’ll show you some effective strategies to manage these pesky pests and prevent them from turning your garden into their own personal buffet.

Management of slugs and snails

Slugs can be quite a menace when it comes to your garden. These slimy critters have a voracious appetite for all things green and leafy, leaving behind a trail of destruction in their wake. But fear not, there are several management strategies you can employ to keep them at bay.

Introduction: Picture this: you’ve lovingly tended to your garden, carefully planting vibrant flowers and delicious vegetables. But when you wake up the next morning, all that remains are sad-looking stalks and half-eaten leaves. The culprits? Slugs! These slimy creatures can wreak havoc on your plants if left unchecked. Fortunately, there are several simple yet effective strategies you can employ to prevent slugs from turning your garden into their personal buffet.

1. Create a Barrier:
   One of the easiest ways to keep slugs out is by creating physical barriers around vulnerable plants. Copper tape or wire placed around pots or raised beds act as a deterrent since slugs dislike coming into contact with copper.
2. Clear Clutter:
   Slugs love hiding in dark, moist areas during the day before emerging at night to feast on your plants. Reduce their habitat by removing debris such as fallen leaves and boards where they can hide.
3. Encourage Natural Predators:
   Invite slug-fighting allies like frogs, birds, hedgehogs, and ground beetles to take up residence in your garden by providing suitable habitats such as water sources and dense vegetation.
4. Mulch Mindfully:
   While mulching has numerous benefits for your soil and plants, it can also create an attractive environment for slugs if not done properly. Opt for coarse materials like gravel or crushed eggshells
   instead of moisture-retaining organic mulches that provide ideal hiding spots.
5. Keep Soil Dry:
   Since slugs thrive in damp conditions, watering in the morning rather than evening allows excess moisture to evaporate throughout the day—decreasing slug activity come night time.
6. Trap Them Away: Beer traps have long been used as an effective way to lure slugs away from precious plantings using shallow containers filled with beer buried near affected areas; however, make sure wildlife-friendly options are used.

Using chemicals: Sodium Feredate EDTA which I found particularly useful in killing them. It takes 3 to 5 days and the best part is that they hide inside the soil before being killed. So no mess. It has to be repeated a few times in a season.

By implementing these prevention methods, you can significantly reduce the Remember that prevention is always better than cure when it comes to managing pests in your garden!

Dr Narendra Goel

HUMIC ACID

Humic acid is a substance derived from organic matter and is known to have several beneficial effects on plants. When applied to the soil, humic acid interacts with the plant’s root system and influences various processes. It enhances nutrient uptake by increasing the cation exchange capacity of the soil, allowing plants to absorb essential elements more efficiently. Additionally, humic acid promotes root development, leading to stronger and more extensive root systems. It also enhances soil structure and water-holding capacity, improving overall soil fertility. Overall, humic acid aids in plant growth, nutrient utilization, and stress tolerance.

POSITIVE ENERGIES OF THE PLANTS

The month of Sawan has begun, and from an environmental perspective, the month of Sawan is considered very special. It is believed that if you plant certain special plants in your home during this month, you will receive the blessings of Lord Shiva and experience happiness and prosperity in your life. So , what plants to be planted in your house?.

This article explores the advantages of plantation during this period and provides suggestions for maximizing tree survival rates also .

1 Tulsi :According to scriptures, it is forbidden to offer Tulsi leaves to Lord Shiva. However, planting a Tulsi plant at home during the month of Sawan brings prosperity and happiness. Lord Vishnu is fond of Tulsi, so it is recommended to worship Tulsi during the month of Kartik, and planting Tulsi during the month of Shravan to ensures it healthy growth until the arrival of Kartik month.

2 Oleander/Kaner: This plant is symbolic of Goddess Lakshmi and is also offered to Bhagwan Shiv. It comes in many colors and varieties, such as pink, white, orange, and yellow, and it also has green and variegated leaves. The flowers can be single-petaled or double-petaled. It is believed to bring wealth and prosperity to the family.

3 Parijat/Harsingar: It is believed that wherever there is a Parijat plant, that place is blessed with peace and happiness.

4 Banana: This plant is also associated with prosperity, but it is essential to plant it in the proper place. Always plant it in the backyard of the house to maximize its benefits.

5 Shami: Plant Shami saplings on Saturday on the left side of the main entrance of your house.

6 Peepal: It is not advisable to plant a Peepal tree inside one’s house, but you can always plant it in an open space or in a park. Thursday is considered the best day to plant it for blessings.

7 Pomegranate:

The pomegranate plant is indeed an attractive plant known for its vibrant flowers and nutritious fruits. In some cultures, it is associated with fertility, abundance, and good luck. However, there is no scientific evidence to support the notion that planting a pomegranate plant at night specifically counters negative energies or has any supernatural effects. If someone believes in the symbolic significance of a pomegranate or finds joy in cultivating the plant, it can contribute to their overall well-being and create a positive environment.

Rudraksha: Rudraksha is a seed traditionally associated with Hindu mythology and spirituality. It is believed to have protective and auspicious properties in certain traditions. Planting a Rudraksha tree in or around the house is considered an act of devotion and is believed to bring blessings and positive energy. However, similar to the pomegranate plant, there is no scientific evidence to support the claims of removing negative energies through planting a Rudraksha tree.

Both pomegranate and Rudraksha have cultural and symbolic significance in certain belief systems, but their effects on negative energies are primarily based on folklore and personal beliefs rather than scientific evidence.

It’s important to note that beliefs about plants and their effects on energy levels can vary widely across different cultures, spiritual practices, and individuals. While some people may find solace or a sense of positivity through these beliefs, it’s essential to approach them with an open mind and respect diverse perspectives.

Irrespective of their religious significance, plantation done in the monsoon season is beneficial for the best survival.

Planting trees has been a longstanding practice with significant religious, environmental, and social implications. While the religious significance of plantation cannot be ignored, it is essential to highlight the practical benefits of planting trees during the monsoon season.

1. Optimal Moisture Levels: The monsoon season offers a unique advantage for tree plantation as it provides ample moisture in the soil. The rainfall during this period saturates the ground, creating ideal conditions for tree roots to establish themselves. With proper care and maintenance, trees planted during the monsoon season have a higher chance of survival due to the readily available moisture.

2. Enhanced Root Development: During the monsoon, the soil becomes softer and more pliable, making it easier for young roots to penetrate and grow. The combination of rainfall and warm temperatures stimulates root growth, allowing the tree to anchor itself securely and absorb essential nutrients from the soil. This robust root development sets a strong foundation for the tree’s overall health and longevity.

3. Natural Watering System: Planting during the monsoon season provides a natural watering system that reduces the need for extensive manual watering. The regular rainfall adequately hydrates newly planted trees, reducing the risk of dehydration and stress. This convenience makes it an ideal time for large-scale plantation initiatives and conservation efforts.

4. Reduced Transplant Shock: Transplant shock, which occurs when a tree undergoes stress during the process of being uprooted and replanted, is a common concern during tree transplantation. However, planting during the monsoon season can help mitigate this shock. The increased moisture content and favorable weather conditions minimize the stress experienced by the tree, increasing its chances of survival.

5. Faster Growth and Recovery: The monsoon season provides trees with optimal conditions for rapid growth and recovery. The combination of warm temperatures, abundant moisture, and increased sunlight promotes photosynthesis and nutrient absorption, accelerating the tree’s growth rate. This faster growth allows the tree to establish itself more quickly and become resilient to environmental challenges.

6. Soil Preparation: Before planting, it is crucial to prepare the soil by removing any debris, weeds, or rocks that may hinder root growth. Loosening the soil helps improve aeration and drainage. Adding organic matter, such as compost or mulch, enhances soil fertility and moisture retention, further supporting the tree’s growth.

7. Adequate Post-Plantation Care: While the monsoon season provides favorable conditions, proper care after planting is crucial for long-term tree survival. Regularly monitor the trees for signs of pests, diseases, or nutrient deficiencies. Provide supplementary watering during dry spells, especially in regions where the monsoon season may be unpredictable.

Conclusion: Plantation during the monsoon season offers numerous advantages, irrespective of religious significance. The optimal moisture levels, enhanced root development, natural watering system, reduced transplant shock, and faster growth make it an ideal time for tree planting initiatives. By implementing suggested improvements, such as soil preparation, species selection, and post-plantation care, we can maximize the survival rates and ensure the long-term success of the planted trees. Let us embrace the monsoon season as a valuable opportunity to contribute to a greener and more sustainable future.

Rama Tyagi

बरसात में रोट तीज

बाल कुपोषण विशेष चिंता का मुद्दा है ,इस कुपोषण को दूर करने के लिए हमने गाजियाबाद के प्रत्येक स्कूलों में #SNG लगाने की जिम्मेदारी ली है । सरकारी स्कूलों में जो बच्चे आते हैं वो है जिनके घरों की आर्थिक स्थिति अच्छी नहीं है लेकिन इसके बावजूद वह भरपूर एनर्जी से भरे हैं।हमारा कर्तव्य है कि हम उनको भी बेहतर सुविधाएं उपलब्ध कराएं। हम बरसों से शर्मिंदा हैं कि देश फुटबाल नहीं खेल रहा।

हम देख रहे हैं कि नौनिहाल को न तो उचित खाने को मिल रहा है, न पर्याप्त खेलने को । समय फिर से आ गया है कि हम उनको कुपोषण से मुक्त करने के लिए कुछ उपाय करें। इस संवाद में हम कुछ उपाय सूझा रहें हैं जब सब्जी महंगी हो तो यह कार्य करें।

मेथी 75 gm. इसको पानी में भिगो दें। जिसको घुटनों में दर्द हो उसे पानी पिला दे बाकी मेथी को कपड़े में बांध कर अंकुरित कर लें। इसको दाल,सब्जी में छौंक की तरह लगा लें। रोट तीज नाम से स्पष्ट है कि यह अपने आप में एक संपूर्ण व्यंजन है। मोटे अनाज से पिसे आटे में अजवाइन और नमक डाल कर आटा गूंधे। इसमें घी का मोइन डाल कर खूब देर तक गूंधे मिट्टी के तवे पर रोटी सेंके। इसका चूरमा बना कर बच्चों को खिलाएं। इसके साथ आप तोरी का रायता खिलाएं। रोट तीज बरसाती बीमारियो के निराकरण का सरल उपाय है ।

जैन धर्म में इसका प्रयोग किया जाता है।

रमा त्यागी

Successful Pest Management for the Organic Grower

5 Key points to make your Vegetable Organic Garden Thrive !

GROW YOUR OWN VEGETABLES

• Manage Instead of Eliminate
• Don’t Wait …..Prevent!
• Observe and Take Notes
• You are not alone . Partner with Nature
• Use worry, Don’t let it Use You

1st Key :
Focus on management instead of elimination. There are many pests and diseases plants can live with . We have to focus on the pests and diseases that cause big problems and their time of occurrence so we have to work to reduce their population, spread and eliminate them altogether.

2nd Key :
Don’t Wait; Prevent ! Don’t Wait for pests and disease to damage your crops. Follow a schedule of prevention strategies. Some strategies are weekly, some are seasonal.

3rd Key :
Observe & Take Notes. Make observations ,make simple notes and then ACTION. Some methods work for all gardens but all strategies Don’t work for all gardens. START by using strategies others use then use observation to tailor your management to suit your garden. Make a log of your observations. Take Notes so that referring back to them is quick and easy. Like the first bug or insect you saw .

4th Key :
You are not Alone in the Universe. Partner With Nature.

Let Nature do most of the work. There are millions of microbes in the soil and thousands of beneficial insects and animals around you .Plants have the same goal like us to Grow and THRIVE ! Garden is an ecosystem that belongs to all the life that’s there. The birds, butterflies, reptiles, insects all are part of a healthy ecosystem and when you have a healthy and balanced ecosystem Nature will do most of the work for you and you will have more harvest than you can consume. This is the gift Nature gives you when you let Nature work its magic!

5th Key :
Use Worry, Don’t Let It Use You. One of the best ways is to have a mentor whom you can trust and is always ready to help you.

Rama Tyagi

FOOD FOREST

Creating a food forest in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India can be a sustainable and productive way to grow a variety of edible plants. A food forest aims to mimic the structure and functions of a natural forest, with multiple layers of plants and a focus on biodiversity. Here are some examples of plants you can consider for a food forest in the NCR:

Canopy Trees:

• Mango (Mangifera indica)
• Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
• Jamun (Syzygium cumini)
• Amla (Phyllanthus emblica)
• Neem (Azadirachta indica)

Sub-Canopy Trees:

• Guava (Psidium guajava)
• Custard apple (Annona reticulata)
• Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
• Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola)
• Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis)

Shrubs and Understory Plants:

• Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii)
• Mulberry (Morus spp.)
• Chayote (Sechium edule)
• Passion fruit (Passiflora spp.)
• Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)

Ground Cover and Climbers:

• Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
• Yard-long beans (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)
• Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
• Climbing spinach (Basella alba)
• Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

Herbs and Perennials:

• Mint (Mentha spp.)
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.)
• Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
• Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum)
• Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus)

Vines:

• Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)
• Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)
• Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis)
• Snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina)
• Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)

These are just some examples of plants that can be included in a food forest in the NCR. Consider the local climate, soil conditions, and available space when selecting plants, and aim for a diverse mix of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and beneficial plants to promote ecological balance and maximise productivity.

A food forest garden is designed to mimic the structure and function of a natural forest ecosystem, with layers of plants ranging from tall canopy trees to low-growing ground covers. Here’s a general representation of the different layers you might find in a food forest garden:

1. Canopy layer: This layer consists of tall, large canopy trees that provide shade, wind protection, and create a microclimate within the food forest. Examples of canopy trees include fruit trees like mango, guava, or fig.
2. Understory layer: Underneath the canopy, you have smaller trees and shrubs that thrive in partially shaded conditions. These plants can include fruit trees like citrus, smaller berry bushes, or flowering shrubs.
3. Herbaceous layer: The herbaceous layer consists of perennial plants, herbs, and vegetables. It can include plants like culinary herbs (e.g., basil, oregano), leafy greens (e.g., spinach, kale), and root crops (e.g., potatoes, carrots).
4. Ground cover layer: This layer includes low-growing plants that spread across the ground, providing protection for the soil, reducing weed growth, and conserving moisture. Examples include creeping thyme, strawberries, or sweet potatoes.
5. Climbing layer: Vertical space can be utilized by plants that climb or vine. These plants can be trained to grow on trellises, fences, or larger trees. Examples include passionfruit vines, grapes, or climbing beans.
6. Root layer: Beneath the soil surface, you have plants with deep taproots that help improve soil structure, access nutrients, and contribute to overall soil health. Examples include comfrey or nitrogen-fixing plants like legumes (e.g., beans, peas).

In a food forest garden, these layers are designed to work together, creating a self-sustaining ecosystem where plants support and benefit from one another. The design can be adapted and customized based on the specific site, available space, and desired plant species.

For visual references and inspiration, I recommend searching online for “food forest garden designs” or “permaculture food forest diagrams.” These resources often provide graphical representations and layouts that can help you visualise the design and arrangement of plants in a food forest garden.

Rama Tyagi

GARDENING TIPS FOR THE BEGINNERS

(Due to the efforts of our community and other similar groups, new gardeners keep adding to the list. But the biggest drawback is when beginners face failures in terms of seeds either not germinating, or dying after some time. This can happen due to various reasons. This article tries to formulate a strategy and enumerates important factors to be kept in mind by the beginners.)

Choosing high-quality seeds:

The first step towards successful seed germination is selecting high-quality seeds. Choose seeds from reputable sources, ensuring they are fresh and viable. Check the packaging for the seed’s expiration date and any specific instructions provided by the seed supplier.

Selecting the appropriate planting medium:

Choosing the right planting medium is essential for optimal germination. Many gardeners prefer using a well-draining seed starting mix, which provides a balanced combination of nutrients and moisture retention. Alternatively, you can create your own mix by combining equal parts of compost, vermiculite, and peat moss.

Providing optimal temperature and moisture:

Seeds require specific temperature and moisture conditions for germination. Most seeds germinate well within a temperature range of 65-75°F (18-24°C). However, this may vary depending on the plant species, so it’s important to research the specific requirements of the seeds you are germinating.

Maintaining consistent moisture levels is crucial during germination. The planting medium should be moist but not soaked, as excess moisture can lead to rotting. Use a spray bottle to mist the surface of the soil lightly, or cover the planting container with plastic wrap to retain moisture until the seeds sprout.

Providing adequate light:

While some seeds germinate in darkness, most require light to trigger the germination process. Ensure that your seeds receive the appropriate amount of light based on their specific needs. Place them in a well-lit area, such as a windowsill, or provide artificial light using fluorescent or LED grow lights.

Proper planting depth and spacing:

Planting seeds at the correct depth is crucial for successful germination. As a general rule, the depth should be roughly two to three times the diameter of the seed. Gently press the soil over the seeds to ensure good soil-to-seed contact.

Additionally, provide adequate spacing between the seeds to prevent overcrowding. This allows each seedling to receive sufficient nutrients and light as they grow.

Regular monitoring and care:

Consistent monitoring is vital during the germination process. Check the planting medium daily to ensure it remains moist but not waterlogged. Remove any plastic coverings once the seeds start to sprout to prevent the development of mold or rot.

As the seedlings emerge, provide them with appropriate care. Adjust the lighting conditions to ensure they receive adequate light, and water them gently as needed, ensuring the soil doesn’t dry out.

Transplanting seedlings:

Once the seedlings have developed a few sets of leaves, they are ready to be transplanted into larger containers or into the garden. Carefully lift each seedling, keeping its root system intact, and plant it in a prepared pot or garden bed. Provide them with the necessary care, including proper watering and suitable environmental conditions.

Conclusion:

Successful seed germination is a crucial step in plant growth and gardening. By selecting high-quality seeds, using an appropriate planting medium, providing optimal temperature and moisture conditions, offering adequate light, and following proper planting and care techniques, you can increase the chances of successful germination. Remember to research the specific requirements of the seeds you are germinating, as each plant species may have unique needs. With patience, attentiveness, and the right conditions, you can enjoy the rewarding experience of watching your seeds transform into thriving plants.

Sushil Bhatia

GARDENS AT A FAR ISLAND

(A traveler’s account of a visit to garden, when he was visiting Thailand)

On our trip to Thailand, we were just walking around the streets of Bangkok when we saw a house with probably a hundred Bonsais. As we started clicking photos we also saw an uncle hunched into one of the bonsais, making intricate adjustments. He got himself out of the plants and looked at us and we exclaimed “Beautiful Garden sir!” “Can we take some pictures?” And without losing a beat, uncle invited us into his garden.

It felt like uncle had given such tours in the past because he knew exactly where to start and what to tell. He took us through his garden and showed the various types of bonsais that were there. Even someone as illiterate as us (in this field) learnt something. Uncle started off with a few cascading Bonsais and in no time we started identifying all the cascading bonsai out there, each different from the other but all cascading. Then he showed us a few Informal and Formal upright Bonsais and we started noticing the differences as well.

As we were taking pictures, Uncle Pat recommended “Take your pictures from a rabbit’s view, not from a bird’s view, it adds perspective”. And so we switched our approach.

Uncle told us about a number of other stories that contributed to his garden. A number of his pots were actually made by Thai prisoners in a project to keep them involved in something productive.

With each Bonsai, he had a story of what he intended with them, how he planned years into the future and then made those precise grafts. How he worked on the leaves and the branches. He even showed us three different leaf sizes from the same tree.

We were completely astounded by the amount of vision, craft and patience that goes into every single bonsai. And uncle was here building natural pieces of art. He showed us one of his twin trunk bonsais with one of the trunk not yielding any branches or leaves while the other one did, Uncle called it a reflection of life and death.

We continued to go deeper into his garden and saw Bonsais that grew on a rock, in a rock, even Broom style Bonsais and eventually we stepped into Uncle’s workshop and we could now see all the tools employed in this craft.

He showed us his drawings and how he visualises the future of all these Bonsais. It was mind blowing. He said his full name is Prapatson, which means sparkling light and is derived from Sanskrit, uncle himself is a practicing Buddhist. Uncle Pat then discussed a bit about his friends, especially the ones from India as we headed out back to the road with the promise that one day we’ll revisit. Who knows, maybe we’d have grown a couple of plants by then? Or maybe even a Bonsai? Tough challenge though.

Ishan Tyagi

GARDENING DURING MONSOON

Gardening during the monsoon season can be both challenging and rewarding. The increased rainfall and humidity can create a favorable environment for plant growth, but it also brings certain challenges that gardeners need to address. Here are some tips for gardening in the monsoon season:
1. Prepare the soil: Before the monsoon arrives, ensure that the soil is well-drained to prevent waterlogging. Improve the soil structure by adding organic matter such as compost or well-rotted manure. This will help with drainage and provide essential nutrients to the plants.

2. Choose the right plants: Select plants that thrive in rainy conditions. Look for varieties that are disease-resistant and can withstand excessive moisture. Some examples include ferns, mosses, certain types of palms, and tropical flowering plants like hibiscus and plumeria.

3. Provide proper drainage: Ensure that your garden has adequate drainage systems in place. Avoid planting in low-lying areas where water tends to accumulate. Raised beds or elevated containers can help prevent waterlogging and promote better root growth.

4. Control waterlogging: If waterlogging does occur, address the issue promptly. Create channels or small ditches to redirect excess water away from your plants. Using mulch around the base of your plants can also help absorb excess moisture and prevent soil erosion.

5. Prevent fungal diseases: Increased humidity during the monsoon season can promote the growth of fungal diseases. To minimize the risk, avoid overhead watering and try to water the plants at the base. This helps keep the foliage dry and reduces the chances of fungal infections.

6. Weed control: Weeds tend to grow vigorously during the monsoon season. Regularly remove weeds from your garden to prevent them from competing with your plants for nutrients and water.

7. Prune and trim: Pruning and trimming are essential during the monsoon season to maintain the shape and health of your plants. Remove any dead or diseased branches to prevent the spread of infections. Prune densely growing plants to increase airflow and reduce the risk of fungal diseases.

8. Monitor for pests and diseases: Regularly inspect your plants for signs of pests and diseases. Look for discolored leaves, wilting, or any unusual growth. If you identify any issues, take appropriate measures such as using organic pest control methods or applying fungicides if necessary.

9. Fertilize appropriately: The monsoon season provides an abundance of water, but it can also leach away nutrients from the soil. To replenish the nutrients, use slow-release organic fertilizers or apply liquid fertilizers in moderation during the rainy season.

10. Protect from heavy rains: In case of heavy downpours, you may need to protect delicate plants, especially potted ones. Move them to covered areas or provide temporary shelters to prevent them from getting waterlogged or damaged by strong winds.

Remember, different regions experience varying levels of rainfall during the monsoon season, so adapt these tips to suit your specific conditions. With proper care and attention, you can enjoy a thriving garden even during the rainy season.

Rama Tyagi

TALES OF INDIAN SACRED TREES

Wood Apple

Latin Name: Aegle marmelos
English Name: Wood Apple, Bengal Quince, Golden Apple
Indian Name Bengali: Bel
Gujarati: Bili
Hindi :Bael, Bilva ,Sripal
Sanskrit : Shriphala, Bilva
Tamil: Vilvum,
Telugu :Muredu
Family। Rutaceae

The Bael is considered sacred to Shiva and offering of its leaves is a compulsory ritual in every Shiv Puja and in the month of sawan . It’s dark trifoliate leaf symbolises the three eyes of Shiva and is consecrated to Shiva with his three functions : Creation, preservation, destruction. The Sanskrit word bilva is another name for Lord Shiva. The fruit of this tree is called the ‘fruit of plenty ‘,and the tree the ‘tree of prosperity and good fortune ‘ and the ‘tree that grants success ‘. It is thus planted in every Shiv Temple .Bilvadandin is another name of Shiva. A Bael fruit is also offered to Devi Chamunda during Dussehra (दशहरा).

In Bengal, during Durga Puja Devi is aroused by touching a twig from a Bael tree. According to Tantric folklore, Lakshmi came down to Earth in the form of a cow . From the dung of this cow arose the Bilva Tree, In some of the pics Goddess Lakshmi is also shown holding Bilva fruit in her hand. People also go around the Bael tree before starting new ventures, as the tree is supposed to grant success.

In the beginning of Creation, Brahma created the Bilva Tree also. The Bael tree is supposed to be the abode of Lakshmi, who is the goddess of wealth and consort of lord Vishnu. In fact, Bilvapatrika, she who lives in the leaves of the Bilva tree, is another name for Laksmi. The Bilva is native to India. The tree finds reference in The Yajur Veda, Atharva Veda, Valmiki’s Ramayan. It was one of the trees whose wood was used to construct the setu bridge to Lanka. The Bael tree is medium sized with a spreading crown and deciduous. It has soft, rough Grey, corky bark and its light brown branches have straight thorns on them. It can grow on red ferruginous or sandy loam soil too.

USES

The wood is suitable to make charcoal. The leaves are trifoliate and alternate. The leaflets are oblong in shape. It bears greenish white flowers which have a sweet and pleasant scent. They are also used to treat diarrhea, thirst, and vomiting. The fruit is large and round. It has a greenish grey woody shell. The pulp inside is orange and seeds covered with fibrous hair. The tender fruit are made into paste and mixed with curd to cure abdominal pain, indigestion, and dysentery.

A paste of the ripe fruit mixed with milk and applied to the body before bath ,cools the body and refreshes the eyes . The fruit mixed with ginger and fennel seeds and made into a decoction is taken to cure piles. The roots are used to intermittent fevers and mind disorders marked by depression and mental sluggishness. Scientists from BHU,Kerala University and Vellore Institute of Technology in India have confirmed it’s therapatic uses. Bael fruit pulp is used to make sherbet and drinks . Fruit pulp is used to wash clothes and utensils, particularly brassware.

It cures dysentery. The leaf extract mixed with sesame seed oil is applied before bath to cure cramps in the legs. The extract mixed with castor oil and sugar cures ulcers if taken regularly. The bark and root of the Bilva tree soaked overnight in a copper vessel are used to cure blood pressure, asthma, and leprosy.

The gummy substance in which seeds are embedded, is used as adhesive. It is also used in paints for a glossy finish like varnish . It can be mixed with lime to make cement . Its root system helps retain water in soil . Wood is used to make houses and other tools The unripe rind when ground makes a yellow dye in cotton textiles printing. Leaves can be used to make poultices for the eyes and roots are used for the treatment of fever. Marelle oil is extracted from the rind. The Bael tree is a climate purifier, more oxygen in sunlight and absorbing more poisonous gases from the atmosphere. There are so many stories mentioning bilva leaves and association with Shiva.

In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, women worship and embrace this tree to get their desires fulfilled. Shiva devotees tie the leaves to their sacred lock of hair . A fallen tree is never used for firewood. People of Kerala never eat it,as it signifies the head of Shiva. So plant a tree to get the benefits. Happy reading and happy gardening

Rama Tyagi
tyagirama1 @gmail.com

THROUGH THE LENSE OF MEMBERS

सावन से जुड़ीं कहानियां

सावन की शुरुआत होते ही भगवान शिव के सभी भक्तों की पूजा की तैयारियां शुरू हो जाती हैं. इन सभी तैयारियों के पीछे भगवान शिव से जुड़ी कोई न कोई कथा जरुर होती है. तो आइये जानते हैं कि वे कौन सी पौराणिक कहानियां हैं जिनको आधार मानकर हम भगवान शिव की आराधना में लीन रहते हैं.

सावन की शुरुआत होते ही हम सभी कांवड़ यात्रा से लेकर तरह-तरह की तैयारियां करना शुरू कर देते हैं. भगवान भोलेनाथ की पूजा के लिए यह सावन बहुत ही ज्यादा महत्वपूर्ण होता है. लेकिन क्या हमने कभी सोचा है कि आखिर क्यों विशेष है यह सावन का त्योहार? तो आइये आज जानते हैं कि इसके पीछे जुड़ी हुई सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण पौराणिक कथाएं.

समुद्र मंथन

एक कथा के अनुसार, देवता और असुरों के बीच समुद्र मंथन (सागर मंथन) का युद्ध हुआ था. इसके दौरान विष की लहरों से देवताओं को बचाने के लिए भगवान शिव ने हलाहल (कड़वा विष) पिया था. यह घटना श्रावण मास के सोमवार को हुई थी. इस कारण से, श्रावण सोमवार को शिव भक्तों के लिए विशेष महत्व होता है.Advertisement

सती और शिव का विवाह

एक कथा के अनुसार, महादेव और सती का विवाह भी श्रावण मास के सोमवार को हुआ था. यह विवाह उनकी अनंत सत्यमयी प्रेम की प्रतीकता है. इसलिए, श्रावण सोमवार को शिव-पार्वती के विवाह के दिन के रूप में मान्यता है.

राजा दक्ष की यज्ञ

यह कथा महादेव और उनकी पत्नी सती के बीच घटी. एक सोमवार को राजा दक्ष ने ब्रह्मा की यज्ञ में सती को नहीं बुलाया था, जिससे सती ने अपने शरीर को आग में दे दिया. इस घटना के बाद सती का विलोपन हुआ और पार्वती के रूप में वे फिर से जन्मित हुईं. यह कथा महादेव के भक्तों द्वारा श्रावण सोमवार के व्रत में स्मरण की जाती है.

राजा सत्यवान और सावित्री की कहानी

महाभारत के अनुसार, राजा सत्यवान की मृत्यु विवाह के एक वर्ष के बाद निश्चित थी. उनकी समर्पित पत्नी सावित्री ने अपने पति के जीवन को बचाने के लिए प्रत्येक श्रावण सोमवार को कठोर व्रत किया. उसकी अटूट भक्ति और समर्पण से प्रभावित होकर, मृत्यु के देवता भगवान यम, उसके सामने प्रकट हुए. सावित्री ने अपने पति के जीवन की याचना की और भगवान यम ने सत्यवान के जीवन को पुनर्जीवित करते हुए उसकी इच्छा पूरी की.

मार्कंडेय की कहानी

एक युवा लड़के मार्कंडेय की दैवीय श्राप के कारण सोलह वर्ष की आयु में मृत्यु होना निश्चित था. उसने अपने भाग्य को बदलने के लिए दृढ़ संकल्पित मार्कंडेय ने श्रावण सोमवार को व्रत रखा और भगवान शिव की पूजा की. उनकी निश्चित मृत्यु के दिन, जब भगवान यम उनके प्राण लेने आए, तो मार्कंडेय एक शिवलिंग से चिपक गए और प्रार्थना की. उनकी भक्ति से प्रसन्न होकर, भगवान शिव प्रकट हुए और उन्होंने भगवान यम के निश्चित दिवस को भी बदल दिया, जिससे मार्कंडेय की जान बच गई.

द्रौपदी की कहानी

पांडवों की पत्नी द्रौपदी को अपने वनवास के दौरान एक कठिन परिस्थिति का सामना करना पड़ा. भोजन के अभाव में उसने भगवान कृष्ण से मदद की प्रार्थना की. उन्होंने उसे श्रावण सोमवार को व्रत रखने की सलाह दी. द्रौपदी ने उनके मार्गदर्शन का पालन किया और अत्यंत भक्ति के साथ पूजा की. परिणामस्वरूप एक चमत्कार हुआ, और अक्षय पात्र, एक बर्तन जो असीमित भोजन प्रदान करता था. जिसके बाद उनको कभी भी भोजन की समस्या नहीं हुई.

राजा हिमवान और देवी पार्वती की कहानी

देवी पार्वती के पिता राजा हिमवान ने भगवान शिव से वरदान मांगने के लिए श्रावण सोमवार का व्रत किया था. उनकी भक्ति और तपस्या से प्रभावित होकर, भगवान शिव ने उनकी इच्छा पूरी की और उन्हें एक बेटी का आशीर्वाद दिया जो देवी का अवतार थीं. यही पुत्री बाद में भगवान शिव की पत्नी पार्वती के नाम से जानी गईं.

श्रावण सोमवार के व्रत से जुड़ी कुछ पौराणिक कथाएँ थीं लेकिन इसके साथ ही आज हम आपको इसी लेख में कावड़ यात्रा से जुडी दो पौराणिक कथाओं के बारे में भी बताने जा रहे हैं. कांवड़ यात्रा भारत में धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक महत्व रखने वाली यात्राओं में से एक है. यह यात्रा मुख्य रूप से श्रावण मास में होती है और श्रद्धालु भक्त गंगा जल लेकर पवित्र तीर्थस्थलों की यात्रा करते हैं. यहां कुछ प्रमुख कांवड़ यात्रा से जुड़ी कहानियां हैं:

राजा सागर की कथा

इस कथा के अनुसार, राजा सागर ने अपने 60,000 पुत्रों की एक श्राप के कारण मृत्यु हो गयी थी. जिस कारण उन्होंने कांवड़ यात्रा का आयोजन किया था ताकि वे सभी पुत्रों को मुक्ति मिल सके. परंपरागत कथानुसार, भगवान शिव ने इन्हें आश्वत्थ वृक्ष के नीचे गंगा जल चढ़ाने का आदेश दिया जिस कार्य के बाद उनके सभी पुत्रों को मुक्ति मिल सकी. इसलिए कांवड़ यात्रा में भक्त गंगा जल की प्राप्ति करके श्राद्ध की करते हैं.

सूर्यवंशी बलवीर की कथा

इस कथा के अनुसार, बलवीर शिव भक्त थे और वे गंगा जल लेकर कांवड़ यात्रा करना चाहते थे. लेकिन एक असुर ने उनको बंधक बना लिया जिसके बाद उन्होंने भगवान शिव की तपस्या की और बंधन से मुक्ति प्राप्त कर कांवड़ यात्रा को पूरा किया.

(adopted from a magazine)

Vegetable Gardening 101: Some Tips and Life Lessons

(Posted on May 13, 2023 by Surinder Tikoo)

(This is the second and last part of the blog from Mr Surinder Tikoo, an ardent gardener).

This post is a follow-up to Vegetable Gardening 101 (Please refer to the post in HFS Times Jun 2023 edition) wherein I described my gardening routine up to the planting season and wrote I would blog about the post-planting season in October 2022.

Unfortunately, my 2022 gardening season was very disappointing. Consequently, I didn’t have the heart to write a follow-up blog. But a year later, here I am with one. With somewhat different content, though.

Specifically, I will share three gardening tips; and three life lessons from my not-so-successful gardening season.

Gardening Tips

Traditional Fertilizers: The main components of vegetable fertilizers are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The optimal mix of these three components, in a fertilizer, differs by plant and across plant growth stages.

Many amateur gardeners err by using the same fertilizer, in terms of nutrient proportion, throughout the season.

A young plant needs more nitrogen, relative to phosphorus and potassium, to promote stem and leaf growth. During flowering, the plant needs relatively less nitrogen and more phosphorus and potassium.

A mature plant needs even more potassium to improve fruit quality. Mallow, another favorite, loves nitrogen.

Collard greens, a favorite of mine, need lots of nitrogen. Green leafy vegetables require high nitrogen levels throughout. Adjust your fertilizer tothe changing needs of plants as they grow. Commercial fertilizers are available in several combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (see notes).

Non-traditional Fertilizers

Gardeners swear by different nontraditional plant foods. The efficacy of these foods depends on soil type, specific vegetables, and climate. So, what works for one might not work for another.

For me, Epsom salt works like magic on chili and bell peppers! Sometimes, I don’t know what to do with the boatloads of peppers I harvest.

I mix three tablespoons of Epsom salt in a gallon of water for watering 8 to 10 pepper plants. I water once a week after the first few weeks of planting.

Determinate vs Indeterminate Varieties

Bitter gourd; indeterminate

Most vines are indeterminate.

Indeterminate tomatoes keep growing and growing with unruly growth.

Some beginning gardeners overlook the determinate versus indeterminate dimension when selecting varieties of a vegetable to grow. For instance, Roma and Early Bird are determinate tomato varieties, and Beefsteak and Big Boy are indeterminate.

Determinate varieties grow to a finite height and produce fruit during a relatively short period.

Indeterminate varieties keep growing and fruiting until the end season. They require more space, support, and maintenance, and are more susceptible to disease.

Beans, cucumbers, eggplants, gourds, peas, pumpkins, squashes, tomatoes, and zucchini are some vegetables with indeterminate varieties

Evaluate the determinate versus indeterminate choice in the context of gardening effort, harvest output timing, garden space, and overall garden layout.

Life Lessons

• My garden disappointment began when deer feasted on several plants one night. And again a few days later. Eggplants, at the border

I plant deer-deterring garlic, eggplants, and chili peppers at the garden border and regularly apply an anti-deer spray to repel deer. However, foolproof deer protection is a suitable fence, which I don’t have. I kept postponing the fencing project for years, so I am to blame for my disastrous gardening season.

Typically, when we fail, we blame the environment; when we succeed, we readily take credit for our success. Instead of blaming the environment, which we cannot control, we should ask ourselves what we could have done differently to ensure the desired outcome.

• A very important life outcome that I was eagerly awaiting did not turn out my way.

I was disheartened and lost interest in my garden. My garden, an unrelated activity, suffered; it shouldn’t have. When something negative happens to one part of our life, negativity often spills onto other parts. We must contain this spillover by reminding ourselves that negative emotions during setbacks can cause widespread damage. Not easy to do, but we must try.

• I eagerly await the gardening season every year without a second thought.

Over the years, I haven’t considered not cultivating the garden as an option. This approach is unwise no matter how much I love gardening—my disappointing season led me to critically evaluate, for the first time, whether I should continue vegetable gardening.

We should periodically review significant aspects of our lives even if everything is on the right track. We should assess our family and social relationships, careers, activities, interests, and opinions. Formal, honest, and comprehensive personal reviews alert us to any needed actions and interventions we might otherwise miss.

Happy Gardening!

Surinder Tikkoo